草鱼健康养殖生产力对比及效益分析

摘要对2户的池塘设备、放养品种构成、产量收益进行了投资构成、养鱼品种、池塘、资金、劳动(人力)等5项生产力的对比分析,结果表明,养鱼投资饲料是主体。按总利润和投资比折算,A、B户每吨饲料赢利分别为1 779元、1 813元(含辅鱼利润),饲料系数分别为1.7、1.6。在放养密度(尾数)近似的情况下,大规格鱼种对增加池塘生产力资金增益率有显著作用。草鱼是淡水养鱼品种调整的主养鱼。草鱼的市场价格、消费者喜爱程度、群体产量以及成熟年龄都高于鲤鱼。辅养鱼(鲢、鳙)的产量比重和规格是提高资金效益的重要部分。辅鱼产量B是A的2.17倍,产值B是A的3.35倍。利润B占24.1%,A占8.5%。施肥不仅能提高辅鱼产量比重和规格,而且能调节水质,维持浮游藻类消长平衡,促进主鱼正常生长,增加综合效益。人力生产力与单位产量、效益和经营规模呈正相关。养鱼专业户要有0.67hm2以上的适宜规模。人力管理不单是喂鱼、加水、防病,而是把池塘、鱼种、饲料等物化技术、养鱼技术、资金在时空上恰当地融合在一起的管理技术。这样才能凝聚成高产、低耗、高规格、高价位、高效益,达到养鱼盈利的目的。
　　关键词草鱼;健康养殖;生产力对比;效益分析 体育论文发表

　　AbstractPond equipment,stocking species composition,yield proceeds of investment composition were analyzed by compared the fish species,pond,capital,labor(human)comparative analysis of five kinds of productivity. The results showed that:Feed investment was the main investment in the fish culture .In terms of total profits and investment in conversion per ton feed for A household earnings in 1 779 yuan and B 1 813 yuan ,including the auxiliary fish profit. The feed coefficient of A was 1.7 and B was 1.6. In the case of the similar stocking density(mantissa),the large-sized fish played a distinct role in increasing capital gains rate of pond productivity.The grass carp is a main fish to adjust the freshwater fish species. The grass carp have an advantage over the carp in the market price,consumers love degree,group yield and the age of maturity.The yield ratio and specifications of the auxiliary fish(silver carp and bighead carp)were important to improve the profit.B was 2.17 times the auxiliary fish productivity of A,and 3.35 times the output of A.B profit accounted for 24.1% of output,but A 8.5%. Fertilization can not only increase the yield ratio and specifications of the auxiliary fish,but also to regulate water quality,maintain the balance between growth and decline of planktonic algae ,promote the normal growth of the main fish and increase comprehensive earnings.Human productivity and unit yield,efficiency and scale of operation positively correlated.Fish specialized households should be over 0.67hm2. Human resource management is not just feeding the fish,adding water,preventing disease,but a management techniques of fusing fish farming technology,financial resources,physical and chemical techniques about pond,fish,fodder,etc.,properly in time and space. In this way,fish farming can score the goal of high-yield,low-consumption,high-specification,high-priced,high-efficiency in order to achieve profit.
　　Key wordsgrass carp;healthy breeding;productive comparison;benefit analysis
　　草鱼健康养殖是个复杂的综合系统工程[1]。在已述的健康养殖“关键防治原则”基础上,笔者对养殖环境、放养密度、产量效益加以补充阐述,通过对2户的池塘设备、放养品种构成、产量收益进行投资构成、养鱼品种、池塘、资金、劳动(人力)等5项生产力的对比分析,旨在进一步提高养鱼效益。现将分析对比结果总结如下,以期为养殖者提供参考。
　　
　　1材料与方法
　　
　　1.1试验材料
本试验材料取自2004年年终,在山东六和饲料集团服务期间,对使用六和鱼料的养鱼户进行回访调查记录。其中一户是济南白云湖张国荣(以A代表),另一户是德州仙人湖石廷强(以B代表)的实养结果。2户鱼塘状况与设备等基本情况见表1。
　　1.2试验方法 快速论文发表
　　2户放养品种、数量及成本见表2。2户均喂德州六和鱼颗粒饲料,所用饲料质量及数量见表3。B户种苏丹草667m2,产草11t,按4%折算产草鱼440kg。施鸡粪8t及化肥。按常规开启和关闭增氧机及加注新水。A户为老塘,池底平坦,淤泥厚40cm以上,消毒后即放鱼种。3月消毒杀虫1次,自5月后按500℃/d进行杀虫预防,每20～30d施1次生石灰20～30mg/kg,全年用药费700元。B户为新加深老塘,无底泥,施鸡粪作底肥,外加化肥作追肥调水。5月底前鱼病不断,多次用消毒剂、杀虫药反复治疗,6月中下旬开始控制稳定,共用药费2 000元。
　　
　　2结果与分析
　　
　　2.1产量及效益
　　2户养鱼产量及效益见表4。
　　2.2投资构成生产力分析
　　养鱼投资由池租费、清塘费、机械折旧费(不计)、鱼种费、饲料(肥)费、水电费、药物费等构成。在这些成本费中,前4项是固定(不变)成本,其余为活(可变)成本,其构成见表5。由表5可看出,A、B两户饲料投入分别占总投入的77%、73%